Ohio

Effective January 1, 2014 forward, all for profit financial institutions doing business in Ohio or otherwise having nexus with Ohio under the U.S. Constitution must report and pay the Ohio Financial Institutions Tax. The Ohio FIT is a tax on the privilege of doing business, similar to the Ohio Commercial Activity Tax (CAT), but is focused directly on financial institutions. Below are the top ten things you should know when considering a potential Ohio FIT issue.

How Did the Ohio FIT Originate and Did the Ohio FIT Change Any Other Ohio Tax?

Amended Substitute House Bill 510 (the Bill) made the Ohio FIT effective January 1, 2014. Interestingly, the Bill repealed both the former Ohio Dealer in Intangibles Tax (DIT) and Corporation Franchise Tax (CFT) for tax years beginning January 1, 2014 and continuing. Now, taxpayers that qualify as dealers in intangibles (stockbrokers, mortgage lenders, securities dealers, finance and loan companies) are subject to the Ohio FIT, provided they fall under the FIT’s definition of a taxpayer. If such a taxpayer does not meet the FIT definition, that taxpayer is likely subject to the Ohio CAT.

Who is Subject to the Ohio FIT?

There are three types of taxpayers that are generally subject to the Ohio FIT:

Bank Organizations;
Holding Companies of Bank Organizations; and
Nonbank Financial Organizations.

Under the FIT, a Bank Organization includes: (i) a national bank organized and operating under the National Bank Act; (ii) a federal savings association or federal savings bank chartered under 12 U.S.C. 1464; (iii) a bank, banking association, trust company, savings and loan association, savings bank, or other banking institution organized or incorporated under the laws of the U.S., any state, or a foreign country; (iv) any corporation organized and operating under 12 U.S.C. 611 (and following provisions); (v) any agency or branch of a foreign bank, as defined in 12 U.S.C. 3101; or (vi) an entity licensed as a small business investment company under the Small Business Investment Act of 1958.

The Ohio FIT defines Nonbank Financial Organizations as persons or entities, other than bank organizations or holding companies, which are engaged in business primarily as Small Dollar Lenders. A Small Dollar Lender is a person or entity that: (i) primarily loans to individuals; (ii) loans amounts of $5,000 or less; (iii) issues loans with terms of 12 months or less; and (iv) is not a Bank Organization, credit union, or captive finance company.

Who is Not Subject to the Ohio FIT?

The following is a list of taxpayers that are generally not subject to Ohio FIT:

Insurance companies;
Captive finance companies;
Credit unions;
Institutions organized exclusively for charitable purposes;
Diversified savings and loan holding companies;
Grandfathered unitary savings and loan holding companies, any entity that was a grandfathered unitary savings and loan company on January 1, 2012, or any entity that is not a Bank Organization or owned by a Bank Organization and that is owned directly or indirectly by an entity that was a grandfathered unitary savings and loan holding company on January 1, 2012;
Institutions organized under the Federal Farm Loan Act or a successor of such an institution;
Companies chartered under the Farm Credit Act of 1933 or a successor of such a company;
Associations formed pursuant to 12 U.S.C. 2279c-1.

What is the Tax Base for the Ohio FIT?

The Ohio FIT is imposed upon a taxpayer’s Ohio Equity Capital. Ohio Equity Capital is the taxpayer’s Total Equity Capital in proportion to the taxpayer’s gross receipts sitused in Ohio. A taxpayer’s Total Equity Capital is the sum of the following items for the taxable year: (i) common stock at par value; (ii) perpetual preferred stock and related surplus; (iii) other surplus not related to perpetual preferred stock; (iv) retained earnings; (v) accumulated other comprehensive income; (vi) treasury stock; (vii) unearned employee stock ownership plan shares; (viii) other equity components.

Biz&TaxHax Tip: For Ohio FIT purposes, a taxpayer may obtain its Total Equity Capital from the FR Y-9 (a financial statement that a financial institution holding company must file with the Federal Reserve Board) or from its Call Report (a consolidated report of condition and income that a bank organization must file with its federal regulatory agency). Alternatively, if the taxpayer does not have a FR Y-9 or Call Report, it must calculate its Total Equity Capital in accordance with GAAP.

Once a taxpayer has identified or calculated its Total Equity Capital for the taxable year, it multiplies that amount by its Ohio FIT Apportionment Factor for the taxable year to calculate Ohio Equity Capital. The Apportionment Factor for Ohio FIT is equal to the ratio of Ohio Gross Receipts for the tax year to Gross Receipts Everywhere for the tax year.

How Does the Ohio FIT Situs/Source Gross Receipts?

The Ohio FIT situses/sources Gross Receipts based on the:

Location of benefit to the customer; or
Location of the taxpayer’s regular place of business.

So, Gross Receipts become Ohio Gross Receipts for purposes of Ohio FIT if either: (i) the taxpayer’s customer receives the benefit of the taxpayer’s services or funds provided in Ohio; or (ii) the taxpayer’s regular place of business is located in Ohio. The taxpayer’s Ohio Gross Receipts identified under this situsing/sourcing method are used as the numerator for the Apportionment Factor.

What is the Tax Rate for the Ohio FIT?

Ohio FIT is imposed at the following rates, by Ohio Equity Capital:

First $200 million of Ohio Equity Capital: 0.008 (0.8%);
Ohio Equity Capital > $200 million, but < $1.3 billion: 0.004 (0.4%);
Ohio Equity Capital > $1.3 billion: 0.0025 (0.25%).

Is there a Minimum Tax Amount for Ohio FIT?

Yes. Ohio FIT taxpayers must pay a minimum tax of $1,000.

How Does an Ohio FIT Taxpayer File a Return and Pay the Tax?

Before filing any Annual Report or Estimated FIT Report, a taxpayer must register as a FIT taxpayer by:

Registering under the reporting person/entity and listing all of the consolidated members; and
If two or more entities are consolidated for purposes of filing a FR Y-9 or Call Report, the financial institution for FIT consists of all entities included in the FRY-9 or Call Report.

Taxpayers are required to file any Ohio FIT Annual Report or Estimated FIT Report and make any payment electronically through the Ohio Business Gateway (OBG).

When are Ohio FIT Returns and Payments Due?

The Ohio FIT Annual Report is due October 15^th of the tax year, with no available extension. The Tax Year is the Annual Report year in and for which the tax is paid. The Taxable Year is the calendar year preceding the year in which the Annual Report is filed and the tax paid. The taxpayer’s tax base (Total Equity Capital, Ohio Equity Capital, Apportionment Factor) is calculated from the activity/capital existing during the Taxable Year.

An Ohio FIT taxpayer must make estimated quarterly payments on the dates listed below, and as follows:

January 31^st – 1/3 of the tax or minimum tax of $1,000, whichever is greater;
March 31^st – 1/2 of the remaining balance of tax due;
May 31^st – second 1/2 of the remaining balance of tax due.

How Can a Taxpayer Obtain a Refund for Overpayment of Ohio FIT?

To claim a refund for Ohio FIT, file Form FIT REF Application for Financial Institutions Tax Refund.

Biz&TaxHax Tip: A taxpayer does not need to file Form FIT REF if the original Annual Report reflects the overpayment of tax. But, if a taxpayer must file an Amended Annual Report and it shows a refund due, the taxpayer must file Form FIT REF also to claim the refund.

Based on the above, there are a couple other important considerations relating to Ohio FIT: (1) Ohio FIT has a broader nexus standard (it looks a lot like economic nexus) than the predecessor Corporation Franchise Tax, meaning it will likely apply to more taxpayers; and (2) some entities (such as small dollar lenders or community banks) may be mistakenly paying Ohio CAT instead of Ohio FIT.

As always, in considering your potential Ohio FIT reporting and payment obligations, as well as any planning, it is best to consult an experienced Ohio tax attorney or Ohio tax consultant. An Ohio tax lawyer or Ohio tax consultant can fully evaluate your facts and circumstances along with applicable law and guidance to develop the most effective, efficient, and proper solution to your Ohio FIT compliance and planning needs.

The Tax Tips for Entrepreneurs and Business Owners series continues with this third article, concentrated on the home office expense deduction. This article focuses on the importance of the home office deduction for the entrepreneur or small business owner. The below discussion includes an explanation of the home office expense deduction, the test to qualify for and available methods to claim the deduction, and some key tips.

What is the Home Office Expense Deduction and How Can My Small Business Qualify?

The home office deduction allows a small business owner or entrepreneur to reduce tax liability based on expenses related to business use of a portion of his home. To qualify, the small business owner or entrepreneur must: (1) Regularly & Exclusively Use of part of his home as his (2) Principal Place of Business.

Generally, if a business owner regularly–say a few hours per day–works in a space solely dedicated as his home office, he should meet the regular and exclusive use requirements. But, this is a facts and circumstances based test, subject to many pitfalls. For instance, assume the area you utilize as a home office also contains gym equipment that you use to exercise. This could cause you to fail the exclusive use portion of the test, and lose the home office deduction.

Usually, if a business owner or entrepreneur at least uses his home office to complete administrative or management tasks without substantially using any other fixed office to do them, he can satisfy the principal place of business element. So, salespeople, tradespeople, or professional service providers (e.g., people who do most of their income-producing activity outside the home) are normally able to meet the principal place of business test by at least doing the administrative and management duties at the home office. Again, though, this determination depends heavily on facts and circumstances. So, overall, it is essential to consult with an experienced tax lawyer to review your specific situation before claiming the home office expense deduction.

Which Office Expenses Can I Deduct Related to My Small Business?

An entrepreneur or small business owner qualifying for the home office deduction may cut his tax bill by deducting the following types of expenses:

Mortgage Interest;
Insurance;
Utilities;
Repairs; and
Depreciation.

These categories of expenses are important when a taxpayer uses the regular, or actual expenses method for computing the home office deduction. But, many entrepreneurs or small business owners prefer to calculate the home office deduction using the simplified method, as the record keeping requirements are less burdensome. An explanation of the home office expense deduction methods follows.

How Can I Claim the Home Office Expense Deduction?

Regular/Actual Expenses Method. This option calculates the home office expense deduction based on the proportion of square feet the business owner’s home office bears to the total square footage of the home. As an example, if the home office is 200 square feet and the total square footage of the home is 1600, the deductible portion of the home is 12.5% (200/1600). Once you identify the deduction percentage, add up the items from each category of deductible expenses (see above) and multiply that amount by the deductible percentage to compute the amount of the deduction.
Simplified Method. The IRS started allowing a simplified option for the 2013 tax year forward. Under this method, the business owner can simply multiply the allowable home office square footage (up to 300 square feet) by the defined rate (for 2014, $5 per square foot) to compute the home office expense deduction. So, if an entrepreneur used 200 square feet of his home for solely business purposes during 2014, his home office deduction would be $1,000 (200 x $5).

BizAndTaxHax Tips: Importantly, assuming you utilize the regular method, if you include the depreciation on your home as a deductible expense and later sell your home at a profit, you must pay capital gains tax on the total amount of depreciation deductions you claimed. Also, it is significant to note that the amount of the home office expense deduction is limited. Your deducted home office expenses may not exceed the amount of income attributable to your business–meaning you cannot use your home expenses to create a tax loss to shelter your income. Finally, the home office expense deduction varies for certain different types of businesses or industries. So, as always, you should discuss your specific situation with a tax attorney and your accountant to obtain specific advice concerning deductible expenses for your home office.

An experienced tax lawyer can help you determine whether your home office qualifies for the home office expense deduction, and assist with keeping the required documentation to support the deduction. If you are a Columbus or Ohio entrepreneur or small business owner and need help preparing for tax return filing season and planning for the future, contact me for a free initial consultation.